#p <nat>Frankish<o>king<n>Charles Martel<sur>Charles<b>688(1)<d>741<info>grandfather of Charlemagne // map pg. 230 in F&W.
// 8th century
#p <nat>Frankish<o>king<n>Charlemagne<b>742(5)<ac>800 Dec 25<d>814 Jan 28<aka>Charles the Great
<info>Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768. On Christmas day in 800 he was crowned as "Charles I," the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, by a blind and dumb Pope Leo III. Leo had been waylaid in Rome during 799, by enemies who had put out his eyes and cut off his tongue.
#p <nat>Frankish<o>emperor<n>Louis<b>778<ac>814<d>840<fa>Charlemagne<info>Holy Roman Emperor
// 9th century
#p <nat>Frankish<o>king<n>Charles I<b>823<d>877<info>Charles I reigned as emperor, as Charles II, 875-877<aka>Charles the Bald
#e <t>battle<d>843<n>treaty of Verdun<c>Verdun
// 10th century
// 11th century
// 12th century
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Philip II<b>1165<ac>1180<d>1223<aka>Philip Augustus<info>defeated King John of England
#e <t>writing<d>1100(25)<n>La Chanson de Roland<c>France<info>The Song of Roland is a great anonymous French epic belonging to a popular genre known as chansons de geste ("songs of heroic deeds"). It celebrates the bravery of Charlemagne's prefect Hruodlandus, ambushed in 778 by the Basques. In the poem Hruodlandus becomes Roland, Charlemagne's nephew; the Basques become the heathen Saracens; and the ambush occurs at Roncesvalles, a pass in the Pyrenees. As in most epics, the characters are painted with bold strokes. The poem was frequently imitated and parodied.<ref>Grolier
// 13th century
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Louis IX<b>1214<ac>1226<d>1270<c>Paris<info>defeated and captured while on a crusade in Egypt in 1250
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Philip IV<b>1268<ac>1285<d>1314<aka>Philip the Fair<c>Paris<info>supported Pope Clement V at Avignon
// 14th century
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Charles V<b>1337<ac>1364<d>1380<aka>Charles the Wise<c>Paris
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Charles VI<b>1368<ac>1380<d>1422<aka>Charles the Mad<c>Paris
// 15th century
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Charles VII<b>1403<ac>1422<d>1461<aka>Charles the Victorious<c>Paris
#p <nat>French<o>leader<fem><n>Joan of Arc<b>1412(2)<d>1431<c>Paris
#e <t>massacre<d>1572<n>St. Bartholomew's Day massacre<c>Paris
#e <t>decree<d>1598 Apr 13<n>Edict of Nantes<c>France<info>The Edict of Nantes established the legal toleration of Calvinists, known as Huguenots, in Roman Catholic France. It was authorised by King Henry IV on April 13, 1598, and marked the end of the Wars of Religion. The edict declared liberty of conscience and equality of legal and educational rights. It allowed French Protestants to hold government office and provided special courts to adjudicate disputes between the faiths. The Protestants were given control of certain fortress towns, such as La Rochelle, whose garrisons were paid by the crown. Protestant public worship was allowed in these and other specified towns. Calvinist synods could be held with royal permission. In the Peace of Ales in 1629, which followed three revolts by the Huguenots, Cardinal Richelieu modified the edict; the Huguenots lost their capacity for armed self-defense. On October 18, 1685, Louis XIV withdrew the edict and declared France entirely Catholic.<ref>Grolier
// 17th century
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Louis XIII<b>1601<ac>1610<d>1643<info>son of Henry IV<c>Paris
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Louis XIV<b>1638<ac>1643<d>1715<fa>Louis XIII<aka>The Sun King<c>Paris
// 18th century
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Louis XV<b>1710<ac>1715<d>1774<aka>Louis le Bien-Aimé<c>Paris<info>lost Canada to the English
#p <nat>French<o>emperor<n>Napoleon Bonaparte<sur>Napoleon I<b>1769<d>1821<ac>1804<depo>1815<c>Paris // born in Corsica
#p <nat>French<o>king<n>Louis Philippe<b>1773<ac>1830<ab>1848<d>1850<aka>le Roi Citoyen<c>Paris<info>called "the citizen king"
#e <t>treaty<d>1763 Feb 10<n>Treaty of Paris<c>Paris<info>The treaty was signed by Britain, France, and Spain. France lost to Britain all of its North American possessions except Louisiana, which it had ceded to Spain. The treaty excluded French troops from Bengal, effectively ending the French imperial drive in India. In Africa, France yielded Senegal to the British. The only colonies retained by France were Saint Pierre and Miquelon (in the Gulf of St. Lawrence), Saint Lucia, Haïti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique (in the West Indies), and Pondichery and Chandernagor (in India). Spain recovered Cuba and the Philippines but ceded Florida to Britain.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>treaty<d>1783 Sep 3<n>Second Treaty of Paris<c>Paris<info>Britain recognised the independence of the United States. The treaty also made navigation of the Mississippi free to all signatories, which included France, Spain, and Holland. It restored Florida to Spain and Senegal to France, and gave the United States fishing rights off Newfoundland.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>composition<n>The Marseillaise<d>1792<c>France<info>by Roguet de Lisle
#e <t>massacre<n>Massacre of September<d>1792 Sep 2<e>1792 Sep 6<c>Paris<info>murder of 10,000 political prosoners by order of Danton
#e <t>sculpture<tit>Statue of Liberty built<d>1870<e>1884<c>Paris<info>The statue is 46 m high, and was originally called "Liberty Enlightening the World." It was conceived as a gift from the French to the American people to honour the 1876 centennial celebration. It was designed (1870-75) by the French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. The wrought-iron pylon inside was the work of Gustave Eiffel. The stone-and-concrete pedestal was planned by the American architect Richard Morris Hunt. The statue was completed in Paris in 1884.<ref>Grolier Encyclopaedia
// 20th century
// WW-II
// post-war
#e <t>decree<d>1966 Jul 1<n>France withdraws from NATO<c>France
#e <t>period<c>France<n>First French Empire<d>1804<e>1848
#e <t>period<c>France<n>Second Republic<d>1848<e>1852<info>The Second Republic was established on the abdication of Louis Philippe, when Louis Napoleon was elected president.
#e <t>period<c>France<n>Second French Empire<d>1852<e>1870<info>The second French empire was established under Napoleon III.
#e <t>period<c>France<n>Third Republic<d>1870<e>1940<info>The Third Republic was estblished after the fall of Napoleon III, and lasted until the occupation of France by the Germans in WWII.
